急求一片英汉对照的工程管理或土木工程类的论文，字数3000左右，超高分悬赏！
4月20日 20:45 随着城市建设和公路建设的不断升温，土木工程专业的就业形势近年持续走高。找到一份工作，对大多数毕业生来讲并非是难事，然而土木工程专业的就业前景与国家政策及经济发展方向密切相关，其行业薪酬水平近年来更是呈现出管理高于技术的倾向，而从技术转向管理，也成为诸多土木工程专业毕业生职业生涯中不可避免的瓶颈。如何在大学阶段就为“钱”途做好准备，找到正确的职业发展方向呢?
木土工程专业大体可分为道路与桥梁工程与建筑工程两个不同的方向，在职业生涯中，这两个方向的职位既有大体上的统一性，又有细节上的具体区别。总体来说，土木工程专业的主要就业方向有以下几种：
1、工程技术方向
代表职位：施工员、建筑工程师、结构工程师、技术经理、项目经理等。
代表行业：建筑施工企业、房地产开发企业、路桥施工企业等。
就业前景：就像我们看到身边的高楼大厦正在不断地拔地而起、一条条宽阔平坦的大道向四面八方不断延伸一样，土木建筑行业对工程技术人才的需求也随之不断增长。2004年进入各个人才市场招聘工程技术人员的企业共涉及到100多个行业，其中在很多城市的人才市场上，房屋和土木工程建筑业的人才需求量已经跃居第一位。随着经济发展和路网改造、城市基础设施建设工作的不断深入，土建工程技术人员在当前和今后一段时期内需求量还将不断上升。再加上路桥和城市基础设施的更新换代，只要人才市场上没有出现过度饱合的状况，可以说土木工程技术人员一直有着不错的就业前景。
典型职业通路：施工员/技术员-工程师/工长、标段负责人-技术经理-项目经理/总工程师。
年薪参考：施工员/技术员：1.5万～2.5万元；工长：2.5万～4万元；技术质量管理经理：4.5万～7万元；项目经理：5万～10万元；
专家建议：随着我国执业资格认证制度的不断完善，土建行业工程技术人员不但需要精通专业知识和技术，还需要取得必要的执业资格证书。工程技术人员的相关执业资格认证主要有全国一、二级注册建筑师、全国注册土木工程师、全国一、二级注册结构工程师等。需要注意的是，这些执业资格认证均需要一定年限的相关工作经验才能报考，因此土木工程专业的毕业生即使走上工作岗位后也要注意知识结构的更新，尽早报考以取得相关的执业资格。想要从事工程技术工作的大学生，在实习中可选择建筑工地上的测量、建材、土工及路桥标段的路基、路面、小桥涵的施工、测量工作。
2、设计、规划及预算方向
代表职位：项目设计师、结构审核、城市规划师、预算员、预算工程师等。
代表行业：工程勘察设计单位、房地产开发企业、交通或市政工程类**机关职能部门、工程造价咨询机构等。
就业前景：各种勘察设计院对工程设计人员的需求近年来持续增长，城市规划作为一种新兴职业，随着城市建设的不断深入，也需要更多的现代化设计规划人才。随着咨询业的兴起，工程预决算等建筑行业的咨询服务人员也成为土建业内新的就业增长点。
典型职业通路：预算员-预算工程师-高级咨询师。
年薪参考：预算员：1.5万～3万元；预算工程师：2.5万～6万元；城市规划师：4万～7万元
建筑设计师：4万～10万元；总建筑设计师：25万元以上。
专家建议：此类职位所需要的不仅是要精通专业知识，更要求有足够的大局观和工作经验。一般情况下来说，其薪酬与工作经验成正比。以建筑设计师为例，现代建筑还要求环保和可持续发展，这些都需要建筑设计师拥有扎实的功底以及广博的阅历，同时善于学习，并在实践中去体会。目前，市场上对建筑设计人才大多要求5年以上的工作经验，具有一级注册建筑师资质，并担任过大型住宅或建设工程开发的设计。此类职位也需要取得相应的执业资格证书，如建筑工程师需要通过国家组织的注册建筑师的职业资格考试拿到《注册建筑师资格证书》才能上岗，预算工程师需要取得注册造价师或预算工程师资格。另外，从事此类职业还需要全方面地加强自身修养，如需要熟悉电脑操作和维护,能熟练运用CAD绘制各种工程图以及用P3编制施工生产计划等，有的职位如建筑设计师还需要对人类学、美学、史学，以及不同时代不同国家的建筑精华有深刻的认知，并且要能融会贯通，锻造出自己的设计风格。这些都需要从学生时代开始积累自己的文化底蕴。实习时应尽量选取一些相关的单位和工作，如房地产估价、工程预算、工程制图等。
3、质量监督及工程监理方向
代表职位：监理工程师
代表行业：建筑、路桥监理公司、**工程质量检测监督部门。
就业前景：工程监理是近年来新兴的一个职业，随着我国对建筑、路桥施工质量监管的日益规范，监理行业自诞生以来就面临着空前的发展机遇，并且随着国家工程监理制度的日益完善有着更加广阔的发展空间。
典型职业通路：监理员―资料员―项目直接负责人-专业监理工程师-总监理工程师。
年薪参考：现场监理员：1.8万～2.5万元；项目直接负责人：2.5万～4万元；专业监理工程师：3万～5万元；总监理工程师：4万～8万元。
专家建议：监理行业是一个新兴行业，因此也是一个与执业资格制度结合得相当紧密的行业，其职位的晋升与个人资质的取得密切相关。一般来说，监理员需要取得省监理员上岗证，项目直接负责人需要取得省监理工程师或监理员上岗证，工作经验丰富、有较强的工作能力。专业监理工程师需要取得省监理工程师上岗证，总监理工程师需要取得国家注册监理工程师职业资格证。木土工程专业的大学生想要进入这个行业，在校期间就可以参加省公路系统、建筑系统举办的监理培训班，通过考试后取得监理员上岗证，此后随工作经验的增加考取相应级别的执业资格证书。在实习期间，可选择与路桥、建筑方向等与自己所学方向相一致的监理公司，从事现场监理、测量、资料管理等工作。
4、公务员、教学及科研方向
代表职位：公务员、教师
代表行业：交通、市政管理部门、大中专院校、科研及设计单位。
就业前景：公务员制度改革为普通大学毕业生打开了进入**机关工作的大门，路桥、建筑行业的飞速发展带来的巨大人才需要使得土木工程专业师资力量的需求随之增长，但需要注意的是，这些行业的竞争一般较为激烈，需要求职者具有较高的专业水平和综合素质。
年薪参考：高校教师：2.5万～4.5万元；中等专业学校教师：1.8万～3万元；普通公务员：2万～3.5万元。
专家建议：想要从事此类行业，一方面在校期间要学好专业课，使自己具有较高的专业水平，另一方向特别要注意理论知识的学习和个人综合素质的培养，使自己具备较高的普通话、外语、计算机水平和较好的应变能力。
At 20:45 on April 20 with the urban construction and rising highway construction, civil engineering profession continue to move up the employment situation in recent years. Find a job, for the majority of graduates is not difficult, however, the employment prospects of civil engineering with national policy and direction of economic development is closely related to the pay levels of their industry in recent years is showing a tendency of management than technology , and the shift from technology management, has also become a lot of civil engineering graduates inevitable career bottlenecks. How to stage at the university as a money passers-by ready to find the right career direction?
Wood soil engineering in general can be divided into road and bridge engineering and construction of two different directions, in the career, the direction of these two positions both the unity of the whole as well as the details of the specific distinction. Generally speaking, the civil engineering direction of the main jobs are as follows:
1, the direction of engineering and technology
On behalf of jobs: construction, and construction engineers, structural engineers, technical managers, project managers and so on.
On behalf of the industry: construction companies, real estate development enterprises, such as road and bridge construction enterprises.
Employment Prospects: Just like high-rise buildings we see around us is constantly where they stand, wide flat section of a road to continue to extend in all directions, the civil construction industry, engineering and technical personnel on demand also is growing. In 2004 to recruit the talent market to enter the various engineering and technical personnel to the enterprises involving a total of more than 100 industries, which in many cities in the talent market, the housing and civil engineering construction industry demand for talent has become the first. Along with economic development and transformation of the road network, urban infrastructure construction work in the deepening of civil engineering and technical personnel in the current and future demand for a certain period of time will continue to rise. In addition, road and bridge and upgrading of urban infrastructure, as long as the talent market is not over-saturated conditions, can be said to have a civil engineering and technical personnel has been a good employment prospects.
Typical career path: Construction workers / technicians - Engineers / Foreman, Section Manager - Technical Manager - Project Manager / Chief Engineer.
Annual salary of reference: Construction workers / technicians: 15,000 ~ 2.5 million; foreman: 25000 ~ 4 million; technical quality control manager: 45000 ~ 7 million; Project Manager: 50000 ~ 10 million;
Expert advice: As China's practice of constantly improving the certification system, civil engineering industry engineering and technical personnel not only need to master the professional knowledge and skill, but also need to obtain the necessary credentials to practice. Engineering and technical personnel of the relevant qualification to practice major national primary and secondary registered architect, registered civil engineer in the country, the national primary and secondary registered structural engineers. It should be noted that these qualifications are required to practice a certain number of years of relevant working experience can apply, so even if the civil engineering graduates took jobs to pay attention to the knowledge structure after the update, apply as soon as possible in order to obtain the relevant qualifications to practice. Want to pursue engineering and technical work of university students, in practice the choice of measurement on construction sites, building materials, geotechnical and road and bridge tenders of the roadbed, road, small bridge and culvert construction, surveying the work.
2, design, planning and budget direction
The representative of position: Project Designer, structural audit, urban planners, budget posts, Budget engineers.
Representatives of industry: engineering survey and design units, real estate development business, traffic or municipal engineering departments ** bodies, advisory bodies, such as project cost.
Employment Prospects: Survey and Design Institute of the various members of the engineering design of the continued growth of demand in recent years, urban planning as a new career, with the deepening of urban construction, but also the need for more modern design and planning professionals. With the rise of consulting, engineering, construction industry, such as Budget and Final Accounts of the advisory service has also become the new construction industry employment growth.
Typical career path: budget posts - budget Engineers - Senior Consultant.
Annual salary of reference: budget posts: 15000 ~ 3 million; budget Engineer: 25000 ~ 6 million; Town Planner: 40,000 ~ 70,000 yuan
Architect: 40000 ~ 10 million; total architect: 25 million yuan.
Expert recommendations: the need for such posts should be well versed not only expertise, but also requires sufficient大局观and work experience. Under normal circumstances, its pay and work experience in direct proportion. As an example to architects, contemporary architecture also requires environmental protection and sustainable development, the architect needs to have a solid foundation and broad range of experience, at the same time learn and understand in practice. At present, the market for most of the architectural design professionals require more than 5 years of work experience, have a qualified registered architect, and served as a large residential development or construction project design. Such jobs also need to obtain the appropriate credentials to practice, such as construction engineers need to register through the national organization of professional architects to get the qualifying examination, Registered Architect Qualification Certificate to jobs, the budget cost engineers need to obtain registration of qualified engineers or budget . In addition, such procedures also need to engage in all aspects to enhance their own self-cultivation, such as the need to be familiar with computer operation and maintenance of proficiency in the use of CAD drawing to a variety of engineering drawings as well as P3, such as the preparation of construction production planning, and some jobs such as architects need to of anthropology, aesthetics, history, and different times in different countries have a deep architectural understanding of the essence, and to be together, forging their own style. These are the times from the students began to accumulate its own culture. Internship should be possible to select a number of units and work-related, such as real estate valuation, project budget, such as engineering drawing.
3, the quality of supervision and direction of project supervision
The representative of position: Project Management Engineer
On behalf of the industry: Construction, Road & Bridge Project Management Company, ** quality supervision departments works.
Employment Prospects: The project supervision is emerging in recent years as a professional, with the construction, road and bridge construction quality control of the increasingly standardized, Commissioner of the industry since its birth on the face of unprecedented opportunities for development and project supervision system with the country's growing sound has a more broad space for development.
Typical career path: Supervisor - Data members - who are directly responsible for the project - the professional supervision engineer - chief supervision engineer.
Annual salary of reference: the site supervisors: 18,000 ~ 2.5 million; projects were directly responsible for: 25,000 to 4 million; professional supervision engineer: 30,000 ~ 5 million; the overall supervision engineer: 40,000 ~ 80,000 yuan.
Experts recommend: Project Management Industry is an emerging industry, it is also a licensing system with the combination of the industry very closely, their jobs and personal qualifications for promotion are closely related to the acquisition. In general, the supervisors need to obtain permits provincial supervisors posts, projects were directly responsible for supervision engineers need to obtain the province or permit Supervisor jobs, work experience, have a stronger ability to work. Supervision of professional engineers need to obtain permits induction provincial supervision engineers, supervision engineers need to obtain the total national registered supervision engineer professional qualification certification. Wood soil engineering college students want to enter the industry, during the school can take part in the provincial highway system, construction supervision system of organized training courses, pass the exam supervisors after induction card, then work experience with a corresponding increase in levels of practice to obtain qualification certificates. During the internship period, the option with the road and bridge construction and the direction of the direction of their school supervision in line company engaged in site supervision, measurement, data management and so on.
4, the civil service, teaching and research direction
On behalf of jobs: civil servants, teachers
Representatives of industries: transportation, municipal administration departments, colleges, scientific research and design units.
Employment prospects: civil service reform as an ordinary university graduates to enter the open door ** organs, road and bridge construction industry brought about by the rapid development of the great civil engineering professionals need to make the demand for teachers resulting growth, but needs attention is that competition in these industries generally more intense, the need for job-seekers have a high professional level and overall quality.
Annual salary of reference: University Teachers: 25,000 to 4.5 million; secondary school teachers: 18,000 ~ 3 million; ordinary civil servants: 20,000 ~ 35,000 yuan.
Expert advice: want to engage in such trades, on the one hand, during in-school courses to learn to make their own high professional standards, and the other direction with particular attention to theoretical knowledge of the overall quality of learning and personal development, so they have a higher Putonghua, foreign languages, computers and better adaptability.
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