短文围绕撒哈拉银蚁先写了什么？

一、短文围绕撒哈拉银蚁先写了什么？

短文撒哈拉银蚁后重点写撒哈拉银蚁以昆虫和其他死亡的节肢动物为食。它们能在表面温度高达70°C沙漠环境里生存，是已知最耐热的昆虫之一。

二、论文抓虫是什么意思？

论文里的捉虫的意思是论文中的章节是经过修改过的。原本的这一章可能有错误，像错别字或者逻辑、段落错误等，后来经过了修改。

论文里的捉虫一词源于英语单词BUG。BUG其意思有虫子的意思，同时又有缺点漏洞的意思，常用于形容电影电视节目的穿帮镜头，如为电影找错误也称之为捉虫。

三、昆虫的作者是谁？

《昆虫》是2005年1月中国友谊出版公司出版的图书，作者是（英）乔治·C.麦加文。本书通过栩栩如生的彩色照片、简洁而内容丰富的文字描述，介绍了全世界五百多种昆虫、蜘蛛和陆生节肢动物的重要特征、地理分布等内容。

书名：昆虫

作者：（英）乔治·C.麦加文

译者：王琛柱

出版社：中国友谊出版公司

出版时间：2005年01月01日

内容简介

权威性的内容、清晰的照片以及系统的论述方式，使本书成为关于昆虫的颇具欣赏价值和使用价值的工具书。本书收录了550多种昆虫、蜂蛛和陆生节肢动物，配有600余幅彩色图片，在作者的精心编纂下，使读者能轻松地掌握识别各类昆虫、蜘蛛和其他陆生节肢动物的知识和技巧。

图鉴百科式的编辑方式：本书对收录的每一种昆虫的有准确的论述和说明，使其特征和特性跃然纸上。

阅读轻松容易：本书向昆虫爱好者介绍了书中收录的每种昆虫、蜘蛛和陆生节肢动物的重要特征、生态环境、自然分布情况等知识。书后附有简明扼要的名词解释。

作者简介

乔治·C·麦加文，生理学博士，年津大学自然历史博物馆昆虫采集陈列馆助理馆长，牛津大学耶钱学院生物学和人类学讲师。发表过许多相关论文，作过许多演讲，主持过许多相关的广播、电视节目。著有《发现臭虫》、《北半球的昆虫》、《世界各地的臭虫》、《田野探险技：昆虫和其他陆生节肢动物》等多种专著，与S.J.辛普森合著《飞虫真面目》和《鱼饵昆虫》。他是项国皇家地理学会和坦桑尼亚野生动物协会会员。

四、求有关昆虫的英文文献

catchinginsects(现在进行时)

catchinsects(一般形态)

那么多昆虫，你要哪个？找英文的，你去google啊。

呵呵。这个提问太哪个了。不好回答。

研究昆虫控制的文章

Athenix and Monsanto Announce Collaboration on Research for Insect Control

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. and ST. LOUIS, June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Athenix Corp. and Monsanto Company today announced they have entered into a three-year research collaboration for insect control on a key class of insects that affects a number of Monsanto's major crops of interest. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed.

We are pleased to work with the market leader in crop genetics to bring our technical capabilities to commercialization, said Mike Koziel, chief executive officer for Athenix.

Working with Monsanto to discover novel genes for controlling insect pests increases options for farmers and allows Athenix to demonstrate the power of its integrated discovery platforms for new biotech traits, said Nick Duck, vice president of research at Athenix.

Athenix will apply its expertise in microbial screening and genomics to facilitate gene discovery intended to help protect crops such as cotton, soybeans and corn against a common class of insects known as Hemipterans. Hemipteran insects include Lygus, a pest of cotton, and stinkbug, a pest of soybean.

This collaboration will work to offer an essential benefit to our farmer customers by providing insect protection in crops such as corn, cotton and soybeans against the piercing and sucking insects. Insect tolerant crops allow growers to spray less pesticide, making their operations more efficient and at the same time stewarding the environment, said Robert T. Fraley, Ph.D., Monsanto executive vice president and chief technology officer. We're excited to collaborate with Athenix to help broaden grower's options for insect control.

About Athenix:

Athenix is a leading biotechnology company that develops novel products and technologies for agricultural and industrial applications, including biofuels and bioconversions. Athenix has established an outstanding intellectual property portfolio and market access ability around enhanced plants, microbes, genes, enzymes, and processes with emphasis on two major markets: 1) novel agricultural traits for growers such as insect resistance, nematode resistance, herbicide tolerance, and their use for the crop production industry; and 2) the discovery of genes and proteins for use in the sustainable chemical industry with a focus on biofuels like ethanol and other natural products.

Biological control of locusts

New weapons for old enemies

During the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 days.

Scientists were stumped because migrating swarms normally come down to rest every night. But locusts can’t swim, so how could it be?

It turned out that the swarms were coming down at sea C on any ships they could find, but also in the water itself. The first ones in all drowned but their corpses made rafts for the other ones to rest on.

Since the dawn of agriculture more than 10 000 years ago mankind has had to deal with a resourceful and fearless enemy, Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust. Normally loners, every so often these natives of the deserts from West Africa to India turn into vast, voracious swarms that leave hunger and poverty behind them wherever they go.

Throughout history, farmers and governments have made attempts to repel the bands and swarms of locusts by collecting insects, creating noise, making smoke and burying and burning the insects. But all of this had little effect. With swarms sometimes extending for hundreds of kilometres, and containing billions of individuals, they conquered by sheer force of numbers.

Health concerns

It has long puzzled humans where these animals came from and where they survived. Only in the mid-20th century was it realized that the light brown solitary desert-dwelling insect was the same species as the red and yellow locusts of the plagues. Only when its biology was understood and chemical pesticides and aerial spraying became available a few decades ago, could efforts be made to control the insect. But large-scale pesticide use also raised real concerns for human health and the environment.

On the seventh-floor Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO) at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Keith Cressman, FAO's locust forecaster, checks current environmental conditions and locust population data from the three computer screens on his desk. The last big locust upsurge ended early in 2005 and the current alert level is green or calm.

The experts at FAO’s ECLO are readying to fight the next round in the age-old battle against locusts C wherever and whenever that may be.

“The next time,” says Cressman, “we’ll fight with new tools”.

New bio-control agents

Recent advances in biological control research, coupled with improved surveillance and intelligence, could make a big difference when the next round in the battle is fought. Such products could make it possible to sharply reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used.

One promising avenue is research currently under way at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. An ICIPE team headed by a Zanzibar-born chemical ecologist, Ahmed Hassanali, has identified and synthesized a specific locust pheromone, or chemical signal, that can be used against young locusts with devastating effect.

Phenylacetonitrile, or PAN for short, normally governs swarming behaviour in adult males who also use it to warn other males to leave them in peace while they mate. But, Hassanali found it has startlingly different results on juvenile wingless locusts, known as hoppers.

Hopper bands

Just as adult locusts form swarms, hoppers will, given the right conditions, stop behaving as individuals and line up in marauding bands up to 5 kilometres wide. They are only slightly less voracious than adults, who eat their own weight of food every day.

In three separate field trials C the most recent in Sudan last year C Hassanali’s team showed that even minute doses of PAN could stop hopper bands dead in their tracks and make them break ranks.

PAN caused the insects to resume solitary behaviour. Confused and disoriented, some lost their appetite altogether, while others turned cannibal and ate one other. Any survivors were easy prey for predators.

What makes PAN particularly attractive is that the dose needed is only a fraction C typically less than 10 millilitres per hectare C of the quantities of chemical or biological pesticides. This translates into substantially lower costs C 50 cents per hectare as opposed to US$12 for chemical pesticides and $15-20 for other bio-control agents.

That is clearly a major consideration in the countries in the front line C many of them among the world’s poorest.

Green Muscle

A different, but also highly effective biological approach is Green Muscle ®, a bio-pesticide developed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s biological control centre in Cotonou, Benin, and manufactured in South Africa.

Green Muscle ® contains spores of the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which germinate on the skin of locusts and penetrate through their exoskeletons. The fungus then destroys the locust's tissues from the inside. This is definitely not good news for locusts, but the fungus has no effect on other life forms.

A product similar to Green Muscle ® is already successfully used in Australia, but the latter's introduction in Africa and Asia is being slowed by several factors. These include a need for further large-scale trials, official approval of the product in several countries, and a relatively short shelf-life in its normal ready-to-spray liquid form. One drawback is that it takes days to kill the locusts. It is also relatively expensive and large-scale production would need to be organized.

A solution would be to store the product in powder form and dilute it just before use. Hassanali’s team has also shown that, if used in combination with a small amount of PAN, only a quarter of the normal dose of Green Muscle ® is needed.

Insect Growth Regulators

Also being readied for the modern locust fighter’s armoury is a class of products known as Insect Growth Regulators, or IGRs, which influence the ability of hoppers to moult and grow properly. They have no direct toxic effects on vertebrates.

IGRs are effective for several weeks after application and can be used in so-called barrier treatments. In this method only narrow swathes of the product are applied, perpendicular to the direction of the marching hopper bands. Only 10 percent of the amount used in blanket treatment is needed. After marching over one or two barriers the hoppers absorb enough product to die while moulting.

As with PAN and Green Muscle ®, however, IGRs need to be aimed at locusts at an early stage in their lives, before they take to the air. That, in turn, requires an advanced level of surveillance and intelligence-gathering to make sure that any locust concentrations are nipped in the bud.

eLocust2

Although back at ECLO Keith Cressman has satellites, computers and mathematical models at his disposal, the weak link in the chain has been the time it takes to get good information from the field.

The mobile ground teams whose job it is to keep tabs on locust populations have to work in some of the world’s remotest, hottest and sometimes (for environmental and security reasons) most hostile places. A week or more might go by before a report from, say, the central Sahara, reached Cressman’s desk. By that time the locusts C “They don’t need visas,” he says C would quite likely have moved to another country or continent altogether.

This will soon change however. Field teams are now being issued with special hand-held devices to record vital locust and environmental data and relay them back to their own headquarters and on to Rome in real time.

Developed by the French Space Agency CNES, the eLocust2 device is able to bounce the information off communications satellites and have the data arrive in the National Locust Control Centre in the affected country a few minutes later, from where they are passed on to Cressman for analysis. In case of unusually heavy hopper concentrations, immediate action can be taken to make sure that the locusts never grow old enough to swarm.

Back to the field

Writing in Science magazine, locust expert Martin Enserink gave the following graphic description of a locust population gone out of control:

“On a beautiful November morning (in Morocco) it’s clear, even from afar, that something’s terribly wrong with the trees around this tiny village. They are covered with a pinkish-red gloss, as if their leaves were changing colour...

As you get closer, the hue becomes a wriggling mass; a giant cap of insects on every tree, devouring the tiny leaves. Get closer still and you’ll hear a soft drizzle: the steady stream of locust droppings falling to the ground.”

Such nightmare visions, and locust plagues with them, may one day be a thing of the past.

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